If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways:

Get help with access Institutional accessĪccess to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. These are the few examples through which the chapter justifies its title. Arab women are often portrayed as weak and mute, covered in black, or as scantily clad belly dancers. It explains how Hollywood movies portray Arabs or Muslims as terrorists or otherwise places them in a negative, often less-than-human light. Media and film have found a ready audience for dangerous, one-dimensional images of Arabs and Muslims. Racism against Arabs is not all the work of political activists. The demonization of Arabs and Muslims in the United States, as well as federal government actions that target Arabs and Muslims in the name of combating terrorism, began years before September 11, 2001. It examines how the law and its enforcement have contributed to the hostility toward Arabs and Muslims in the United States. It provides the analysis of the media and political discourses that prepared the ground for the state's post-9/11 security response. This chapter appraises elite discourse, media vilification, and selective government persecution of Middle Eastern and South Asian Muslims before 9/11, much similar to the designs in the aftermath.

60 minutes the hostage elaine weinstein